Description
Potentially Misidentified Species - Cyprinella lutrensis is a potentially introduced species, present in the Roanoke drainage, but has not been found in the Chesapeake drainage (Jenkins and Burkhead 1993). The other species are native.
Taxonomy
| Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family | Genus |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Animalia | Chordata | Osteichthyes | Cypriniformes | Cyprinidae | Notropis |
Synonyms
Invasion History
Chesapeake Bay Status
| First Record | Population | Range | Introduction | Residency | Source Region | Native Region | Vectors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1906 | Established | Expanding | Cryptogenic | Boundary Resident | North America | North America | Fisheries(Fisheries Intentional, Fisheries Accidental, Discarded Bait) |
History of Spread
Notropis buccatus (Silverjaw Minnow) is confined to only three drainages (Susquehanna, Potomac, Rappahannock) on the Atlantic Slope, and its introduction status there is uncertain. Its occurrence could be explained by stream captures (Wallace 1973), but late first records (1906-1972) in the Atlantic drainages sugest introduction. It is considered native to Potomac, Susquehanna, and Rappahannock by some authors (Wallace 1973; Stauffer et al. 1982). Jenkins and Burkhead (1993) list it as probably native to the Chesapeake drainage, but discuss the possibility of introduction.
This species is found in the Piedmont and Mountain regions to the Fall-Line, and approaches tidal waters only in the Potomac and Susquehanna (Jenkins and Burkhead 1993; Denoncourt et al. 1975). It was not listed for the Coastal Plain of Bay by Musick (1972a). However, it was collected in tidal waters of MD by the MD Striped Bass Seine Survey between 1954 and 2002 (Maryland Department of Natural Resources 2002), probably in either, or both, the Susquehanna and Potomac rivers.
Rappahannock River - The first record of N. buccatus was in 1963, and most records are in the upper part of drainage, well above the Fall Line (Jenkins and Burkhead 1993).
Potomac River - The first record of N. buccatus was in 1906, from the Potomac just above Fall-Line (Plummer's Island). According to the collectors, it 'probably introduced by the United States Bureau of Fisheries' (Bean and Weed 1911; McAtee and Weed 1915).
Susquehanna - N. buccatus was not reported by Cope (1879), Bean (1893), Fowler (1919; 1948) or Bielo (1963) for this river. The first record was by Wallace (1973) from Conewago Creek PA. Denoncourt et al. (1975a) found additional occurrences in lower Susquehanna basin including Conowingo Pond. They suggested a possible bait-bucket introduction, possibly assisted by 1973 'Agnes' floods. It was not been found below the Conowingo Dam in power plant surveys between 1972 and 1982 (McKeown 1984).
Upper Bay and Tributaries - N. buccatus was recently caught in Jones Falls River, Baltimore County (Kazyak 1995) and could have reached there through the Upper Bay or by independent introduction. This minnow was also collected from one location in the upper Gunpowder River Basin (Boward et al. 1997).
History References - Bean 1893; Bean and Weed 1911; Bielo 1963; Boward et al. 1997; Cope 1879; Denoncourt et al. 1975; Fowler 1919; Fowler 1948; Jenkins and Burkhead 1993; Kazyak 1995; Maryland Department of Natural Resources 2002; McAtee and Weed 1915; McKeown 1984; Musick 1972a; Stauffer et al. 1982; Wallace 1973
Invasion Comments
Probable Vector into Chesapeake Bay - Considered by Bean and Weed (1911) to have been 'probably introduced by United States Bureau of Fisheries', but no documentation. Alternate Vector into Chesapeake Bay - Considered a possible baitbucket introduction to Susquehanna by Denoncourt et al. (1975)), although Wallace (1973) considered it native to the drainage. Native Region - A unique disjunct distribution, with a gap between northern and southern range areas (Wallace 1973). '....lower Great Lakes and Mississippi drainages from NY, PA, and MD to eastern MO, Gulf drainages from Appalachicola River, GA, and FL to Missisippi R., MS, and LA.' (Jenkins and Burkhead 1993; Page and Burr 1991). Status in DE and Susquehanna basins uncertain, probably introduced from Potomac south (Jenkins and Burkhead 1993).
Ecology
Environmental Tolerances
| For Survival | For Reproduction | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Minimum | Maximum | Minimum | Maximum | |
| Temperature (ºC) | 0.0 | 31.0 | ||
| Salinity (‰) | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
| Oxygen | ||||
| pH | ||||
| Salinity Range | fresh-oligo |
Age and Growth
| Male | Female | |
|---|---|---|
| Minimum Adult Size (mm) | ||
| Typical Adult Size (mm) | ||
| Maximum Adult Size (mm) | ||
| Maximum Longevity (yrs) | ||
| Typical Longevity (yrs |
Reproduction
| Start | Peak | End | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Reproductive Season | |||
| Typical Number of Young Per Reproductive Event |
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| Sexuality Mode(s) | |||
| Mode(s) of Asexual Reproduction |
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| Fertilization Type(s) | |||
| More than One Reproduction Event per Year |
|||
| Reproductive Startegy | |||
| Egg/Seed Form |
Impacts
Economic Impacts in Chesapeake Bay
Notropis buccatus (Silverjaw Minnow) is frequently associated with Pimephales notatus, which is commonly used as a baitfish (Jenkins and Burkhead 1993). However, N. buccatus is not cultivated or sold for this purpose. Except as a forage fish for predators in nontidal waters, N. buccatus probably has little direct importance in the Chesapeake drainage. N. buccatus may have been introduced to the Potomac by the United States Fish Commission as a forage fish (Bean and Weed 1911).
References- Bean and Weed 1911; Jenkins and Burkhead 1993
Economic Impacts Outside of Chesapeake Bay
Notropis buccatus (Silverjaw Minnow) is frequently associated with Pimephales notatus, which is commonly used as a baitfish (Jenkins and Burkhead 1993). However, N. buccatus is not cultivated or sold for this purpose. Except as a forage fish for predators in nontidal waters, N. buccatus probably has little direct economic importance.
References- Bean and Weed 1911; Jenkins and Burkhead 1993
Ecological Impacts on Chesapeake Native Species
Notropis buccatus (Silverjaw Minnow) has no definite records in tidal waters, and so probably has little or no impact on native biota in the Bay. However, this fish is abundant in Potomac above Fall-Line (Jenkins and Burkhead 1993; MacAtee and Weed 1915). No impacts are known from the Chesapeake bay watershed.
References- Jenkins and Burkhead 1993; MacAtee and Weed 1915
Ecological Impacts on Other Chesapeake Non-Native Species
Notropis buccatus (Silverjaw Minnow) has no definite records in tidal waters, and so probably has little or no impact on native biota in the Bay. However, this fish is abundant in Potomac above Fall-Line (Jenkins and Burkhead 1993; MacAtee and Weed 1915), where it does share habitat with one introduced fish (Pimephales promelas), and one possibly introduced fish (P. notatus) (Jenkins and Burkhead 1993; MacAtee and Weed 1915). No impacts on introduced biota are known from the Chesapeake bay watershed.
References- Jenkins and Burkhead 1993; MacAtee and Weed 1915
References
Bean, Barton A.; Weed, Alfred C. (1911) Recent additions to the fish fauna of the District of Columbia, Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 24: 171-174Bean, Tarleton H. (1896) Report on the propagation and distribution of food-fishes, In: (Eds.) Report of the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries for 1894. , Washington, D.C.. Pp.
Bielo, Robert J. (1963) A fishery investigation of the Susquehanna River in Pennsylvania, In: (Eds.) . , Newark. Pp.
Carlander, Kenneth D. (1969) Handbook of freshwater fishery biology. Vol. 1., In: (Eds.) . , Ames. Pp.
Cope, Edward Drinker (1879) The Fishes of Pennsylvania, In: (Eds.) Report of the State Commisioners of Fisheries. , Harrisburg. Pp.
Denoncourt, Robert F.; Hocutt, Charles H.; Stauffer, Jay R. (1975) Extensions of the known ranges of Ericymba buccata Cope and Etheostoma zonale (Cope) in the Susquehanna River drainage, Proceedings of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science 49: 45-46
Fowler, Henry W. (1919) A list of the fishes of Pennsylvania, Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 32: 49-74
Fowler, Henry W. (1948) A list of the fishes of Pennsylvania., Bulletin of the Board of Fish Commisioners, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania 7: 1-26
Jenkins, Robert E.; Burkhead, Noel M. (1993) Freshwater fishes of Virginia., , Bethesda, MD. Pp.
2000 Striped Bass Seine Survey.. Web page: http://www.dnr.state.md.us/fisheries/juvindex/index.html
2002 MBSS Fish Distributions. Web page: http://mddnr.chesapeakebay.net/mbss/fishes.cfm
McAtee, W. L.; Weed, A. C. (1915) First list of fishes from the vicinity of Plummers Island, Maryland, Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 28: 1-15
McKeown, Paul E. (1984) Additions to ichthyofauna of the Susquehanna River with a checklist of fishes of the Susquehanna River drainage below Conowingo Dam, Proceedings of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science 58: 187-192
Musick, J. A.; Wiley, Martin L. (1972) Fishes of Chesapeake Bay and the adjacent coastal plain, Special Scientific Report, Virginia Institute of Marine Science 65: 175-212
Page, Lawrence M.; Burr, Brooks M. (1991) Freshwater Fishes., , Boston. Pp.
Stauffer, Jay, Jr.; Burr, Brooks M.; Hocutt, Charles H.; Jenkins, Robert E. (1982) Checklist of the fishes of the central and northern Appalachian mountains, Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 95: 27-47
Toth, Louis A.; Dudley, Daniel A.; Karr, James A.; Gorman, Owen T. (1982) Natural and man-induced variability in a silverjaw minnow (Ericymba buccata ) population, American Midland Naturalist 107: 284-293
Wallace, Dale C. (1973) The distribution and dispersal of the Silverjaw minnow, Ericymba buccata Cope., American Midland Naturalist 89: 145-155